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For CH4 emissions from fossil fuel exploitation it is assumed that the most profitable measures would be taken first. Therefore, increased maintenance is assumed at a 'cost' of-$200 per tonne CH4 in 1990 and increased on-site use of otherwise vented gas at a cost of -$100 in 2000 and 2025. Other measures are taken later in time at a cost of $100 in 2050, $200 in 2075 and $300 in 2100. In 1990, the introduction of improved inspection and maintenance is assumed. In 2000 and 2025 extra measures are taken to increase on-site gas use from vents and flares. The more expensive measures are taken between 2050 and 2100. Cost estimates are based on AEAT (1998) and De Jager et al (1996). The cost development is based on my own assumptions.
The content of the six CH4 reduction packages is summarized in Table 13.5 along with the assumptions made on the costs of measures. It is assumed that
Source of CH4 |
Description of option |
US$1990/ tonne of avoided CH4 per year |
Reference |
Oil and gas |
Increased inspection and |
-200 |
De Jager et al (1996) |
production |
maintenance | ||
Increased on-site use of otherwise |
-100-10 |
DeJageretal (1996) | |
vented methane at oil and gas | |||
production sites offshore | |||
Increased flaring instead of venting |
200-400 |
De Jager etal (1996) | |
Oil and gas |
Accelerated pipeline modernization |
500-1000 |
DeJageretal (1996) |
transmission | |||
Gas distribution |
Improved leak control and repair |
200 |
DeJageretal (1996) |
Coal mining |
Pre-mining degasification |
40 |
IEA (1999) |
Enhanced gob-well recovery |
10 |
IEA (1999) | |
Ventilation air use |
10 |
IEA (1999) | |
Cattle enteric |
Improved production efficiency |
0 |
Blok and de Jager |
fermentation |
(1994) | ||
Improved feeding |
5 |
EPA (1998) | |
Production enhancing agents |
400 |
AEAT (1998) | |
Reducing animal numbers |
0 |
Blok and de Jager (1994) | |
Increase rumen efficiency |
3000-6000 |
AEAT (1998) | |
Manure |
Dry storage |
200 |
AEAT (1998) |
Daily spreading |
2000 |
AEAT (1998) | |
Large-scale digestion and biogas |
1000 |
AEAT (1998) | |
recovery | |||
Small-scale digestion and biogas |
500 |
AEAT (1998) | |
recovery | |||
Sewage treatment |
Increased on-site use of biogas |
50-500 |
Byfield etal (1997) |
Landfills |
Reduction of biodegradable waste to landfill by paper recycling |
-2200 |
Meadows etal (1996) |
Controlled gasification of waste |
-350 |
DeJageretal (1996) | |
Landfill gas recovery and upgrading |
-200 |
Meadows etal (1996) | |
Landfill gas recovery and use for heat |
-50 |
Meadows et al (1996) | |
Reduction of biodegradable waste |
1000-1800 |
Meadows etal (1996) | |
to landfill by composting or | |||
incineration | |||
Rice |
Intermittent draining and other cultivation practices |
5 |
Byfield etal (1997) |
Biomass burning |
Improved burning of traditional fuelwood |
-100 |
Byfield etal (1997) |
Reduced deforestation |
200 |
Byfield etal (1997) | |
Reduced agricultural waste and |
150 |
Byfield etal (1997) | |
savanna burning |
the more expensive options are taken after 2025 and that measures costing more than $500/tonne avoided CH4 were too expensive for adoption. Table 13.6 gives an overview of the costs of mitigation by source sector and its assumed variation over time (1990-2100).
Source |
1990 |
2000 |
2025 |
2050 |
2075 |
2100 |
Biomass burning |
200 |
200 |
200 |
200 |
200 |
200 |
Agricultural waste burning |
150 |
150 |
150 |
150 |
150 |
150 |
Savanna burning |
150 |
150 |
150 |
150 |
150 |
150 |
Landfills |
-50 |
-50 |
-200 |
-200 |
-350 |
-350 |
Sewage |
50 |
100 |
200 |
300 |
400 |
500 |
Wetland rice |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Animals |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Animal waste |
500 |
500 |
500 |
500 |
500 |
500 |
Fossil fuel exploitation |
-200 |
-100 |
-100 |
100 |
200 |
300 |
Source: Based on own assumptions Van Amstel (2009) and Blok and de Jager (1994); De Jager et al (1996); Meadows et al (1996); Byfield et al (1997); EPA (1998); IEA (1999); and AEAT (1998)
Source: Based on own assumptions Van Amstel (2009) and Blok and de Jager (1994); De Jager et al (1996); Meadows et al (1996); Byfield et al (1997); EPA (1998); IEA (1999); and AEAT (1998)
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